Introduction
Proximal hamstring tendon ruptures typically occur as a result of simultaneous hip flexion and knee extension, leading to avulsion of the conjoint and/or semimembranosus tendons from their origin at the ischial tuberosity. Surgical repair of proximal hamstring tendon ruptures has been shown in multiple clinical outcome studies to be superior to nonoperative management, with improved functional scores and ability to return to sport postoperatively. Although several potential complications have been reported in the literature, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the complication profile of proximal hamstring tendon repair. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the overall rate of complications following proximal hamstring tendon repair, to differentiate these complications into categories, and to compare the complication rates of open versus endoscopic repair.
Methods
A systematic review of original research articles was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. To qualify for study inclusion, included articles were required to be published in English, Level 4 evidence or higher, and had to examine surgical repair of proximal hamstring tendon ruptures. No restrictions were made regarding publication date and methodological quality. Data regarding complications were extracted to calculate the overall complication rate as well as the rate of major and minor complications. A quantitative data synthesis was conducted using Chi-square tests to compare the proportion of patients who experienced complications with endoscopic and open approaches.
Results
Forty-three articles including 2,823 proximal hamstring tendon repairs were identified. The overall postoperative complication rate was 15.4% (n = 436). The rate of major complications was 4.6%, including a 0.8% re-rupture rate, 0.8% re-operation rate, 1.7% rate of sciatic nerve injury, 0.9% rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and 0.4% rate of deep infection. Minor complications included posterior femoral cutaneous nerve injury (2.4%), persistent sitting pain (2.3%), persistent hamstring myopathy (2.3%), hematoma/seroma (0.8%), peri-incisional numbness (1.8%), and superficial infection (1.1%). Endoscopic proximal hamstring tendon repair was associated with a higher rate of overall complications (p = 0.012), major complications (p = 0.048), and minor complications (p < 0.001) compared to open repair.
Discussion/Conclusion: Proximal hamstring tendon repair is associated with an overall complication rate of 15.4%, including a 4.6% rate of major complications. There was a statistically significant increase in complications for patients treated endoscopically compared to those who underwent an open surgical repair.