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Università degli Studi di Brescia Brescia ITALY
Biomimetic Scaffold for the Treatment of Chondral and Osteochondral Lesions of the Knee: Clinical Results at Long Term Follow-up. Iacopo Romandini, MD, QATARPatient-Specific Guides For Subchondroplasty Of The Knee: Short-Term Clinical Outcomes Andrea Pratobevera, MD, ITALYNo Difference In Outcomes Between Coblation And Mechanical Chondroplasty In Patients Undergoing Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (Aci) David C. Flanigan, MD, UNITED STATESTransosseous Wrapping Technique Using Resorbable Suture Tape For Fixation Of Osteochondral Lesions In The Knee Is A Safe Procedure Without Complications. Martin Rathcke, MD, DENMARKPullout Strength Of Single Verses Multiple Synthetic Chondral Implants David C. Flanigan, MD, UNITED STATESCorrelation Between MRI And Histological Analyses For Repair Tissue Of Knee Chondral Lesions Treated With Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy Or Microfracture In A Phase III Clinical Trial Cohort Kazunori Shimomura, MD, PhD, Prof., JAPANMatrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Adolescents - 10 Year Results From a Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study Johannes Weishorn, MD, GERMANYViability Of Chondrocytes And Radiological Evaluation Using Mri Mapping Of The Cartilage In Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplants In Knee Femoral Condyles. Maria Victoria Pomenta, MD, SPAINReturn To Play And Continued Participation In Elite Sport After Microfracture For Chondral Lesions In The Knee – A Matched Controlled Cohort Study David Johannes Haslhofer, MD, AUSTRIAFixation Of Pure Chondral Injuries Of The Knee: Systematic Review Fernando Martin, MD, CHILEArtificial Collagen Membrane Fixed By All-Suture Device Can Be Better Clinical Outcomes In Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation For Middle-Aged And Elderly Patients Akira Kawai, MD, JAPANPromising Long Term Functional Results For Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation (Oats) Jorge Simon Isla, MD, CHILENew Treatment Algorithm for Unstable, Unsalvageable Osteochondritis Dissecans of Knee Kukuh Dwiputra Hernugrahanto, MD, INDONESIAEvaluating The Role Of Spect/Ct For The Detection Of Cartilage Lesions In The Knee: A Systematic Review Martyn Snow, FRCS, UNITED KINGDOMPreoperative Cartilage Damage And Varus Deformity Of Tibia Are Factors Affecting Cartilage Status Improvement In The Medial Compartment After Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy Takashi Hoshino, MD, PhD, JAPANFresh allograft transplantation in patients with large femoral osteochondral defects – A case series of a single center study João Castro Mendes, MD, PORTUGAL
2025 Congress ePoster Presentation PDF 2025 Not yet rated
Knee Cartilage Osteoarthritis Trauma Repair / Reconstruction Allograft Arthroscopy Autograft Bones Arthritis
Oxford Partial Knee Femoral Sizing Via Preoperative Mri Scan – A Novel Template Method Ritwik Kejriwal, FRACS(Orth), NEW ZEALANDA Novel Knee Intra-Operative Classification Of Osteo-Arthritis (KICO) Geoffrey Murphy, MD, AUSTRALIAThe Use Of Imageless Robotic Assistance Does Not Reduce Early Postoperative Pain In Total Knee Replacement Compared To Conventional Arthroplasty Rodrigo Olivieri, MD, CHILEA Machine Learning-Powered Decision Tool to Predict the Risk of Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoarthritis Using Plain Radiographs and Routine Clinical Data Mohamed A. Imam, MD, MSc, DSportMed, ELD (Oxon), PhD, FRCS, UNITED KINGDOMInfluence of Femorotibial Posterior Overhang and Posterior Tibial Slope on Patellar Changes After TKA Shunsuke Utsumi, MD, JAPANAcute Postoperative Pain Is An Independent Risk Factor Associated With Chronic Postoperative Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty Takuya Iseki, MD, PhD, JAPANAn Inlay Patellofemoral Arthroplasty With An Enlarged Trochlear Component Design Results In Better Patient Reported Outcomes Measures And Lower Failure Rates Compared To A Traditional Design: A Two-Year Follow Up Study Armin Runer, PD MD, GERMANYInvestigating Patient And Surgical Factors Affecting Same Day Discharge After Unicompartmental Knee Replacement Patrick Richard Michael Nicholas, MBChB, MRCS(Glasg), UNITED KINGDOMAnxiety And Depression Prior To Total Knee Arthroplasty Are Associated With Worse Pain And Subjective Function: A Prospective Comparative Study Dirk Jan Hofsteee, NETHERLANDSMid-Term Outcomes Of Lateral Fixed-Bearing Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Sumin Lim, MD, PhD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFOperator variation in applying the AtMoves knee loading device for evaluation of tibial component loosening Leendert Blankevoort, PhD, NETHERLANDSThe Impact Of Aging On Recovery And Satisfaction In Knee Replacement Patients David A. Parker, MBBS, BMedSc, FRACS, AUSTRALIARobotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Accuracy and Reproducibility Compared to Manual Instrumentation or Navigation. Matt Lyons, FRACS, AUSTRALIARobotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated With Shorter Surgical Time and Length of Stay and Decreased Risk for Revision Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESKnee Joint Synovitis After Total Knee Arthroplasty is Not Correlated to Patient Satisfaction Score Kristen I Barton, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESPredicting And Preventing Overcorrection In Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Radiographic Study Based On Long-Leg Films And Valgus Stress Views. Stefano Gaggiotti, MD, ARGENTINAIs Bi-Cruciate Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty Better Than Conventional Knee Arthroplasty In Knee Biomechanics During Gait? Kengo Harato, MD, PhD, JAPANLong-Term Mortality Outcomes In Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients Under 60 Samuel Jaeyoon Won, MD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFBone Resection Planning for Medial Uka Using Stress Views is Efficient: Protocol Validation Using an Image-Based Robotic System Stefano Gaggiotti, MD, ARGENTINAShort-term Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted Restricted Kinematic Alignment vs Mechanical Alignment in Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty Eiichi Shiigi, MD、PhD, JAPANEvaluating Tibial Component Rotational Alignment After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Augmented Reality Navigation System With Smart Glasses Takayuki Koya, MD, PhD, JAPANAdded Utility Of Mri In Pre-Operative Assessment For Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Scott M Bolam, MBChB, PhD, NEW ZEALANDChanges In Improvement Of Physical Function And Qol After Cr Type Total Knee Arthroplasty Yuki Kawaguchi, PT, JAPANA Different Course Of Recovery For Extension And Flexion Strengths Following Total And Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Cohort Study Of 369 Cases Roderick J.M. Vossen, MD, UNITED STATESAssessing the Influence of Body Mass Index and Tibial Prosthesis Design Characteristics on Survivorship and Revision Rates in Total Knee Arthroplasty Kristen I Barton, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESDouble-blinded Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Impact of Tourniquet Inflation Timing on Postoperative Pain, Joint Function, and Quality of Life Po-Yao Wang, MD, TAIWANEarly Clinical Outcome In Inverse Kinematic Alignment For Total Knee Arthroplasty Using A Robotic Assisted System: Two Years Follow-Up Federica Manca, MD, ITALYLocal Soft Tissue Thickness in Unicompartimental Knee Arthroplasty: Strong Inter-Parameter Correlation, Moderate Correlation with BMI, and no Impact on Implant Positioning Lorenz Pichler, MD, AUSTRIAVisible fluid motion on manipulation as the new threshold for intraoperatively-determined knee arthroplasty component loosening – a Delphi study Leendert Blankevoort, PhD, NETHERLANDSJoint Line Convergence Angle After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Comparison Between Mechanical V/S Patient-Specific Alignment With Robotic Assisted Surgery: Retrospective Data Of 98 Patients David H. Figueroa, MD, CHILEMid To Long-Term Results Of Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty : Mobile Versus Fixed-Bearing Sumin Lim, MD, PhD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFPrimary Followed by Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty at Non-Tertiary Centers Have Higher Risk of Complications Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESThe Impact Of Postoperative Hemogram And Crp Blood Values On Daily Functional Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Muhammed Yusuf Afacan, MD, FEBOT, PhDc, TURKEYFunctional Alignment Restores Native Kinematics More Consistently than Mechanical Axis Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty Jonathan R Manara, BMedSci, BMBS, FRCS (Tr & Orth), UNITED KINGDOMRobotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Associated With Improved Surgical And Post-Operative Outcomes: A Large Single-Centre Study Mei Lin Tay, PhD, NEW ZEALANDLearning Curves in 204 Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Replacements: Comparing Senior, Intermediate, and Senior-Junior Surgical Teams Hector Zamorano, MD, CHILEArthroPredict: A Machine Learning Approach To Predict 5-Year Total Joint Replacement In Patients With Osteoarthritis Using Routine Clinical Data Mohamed A. Imam, MD, MSc, DSportMed, ELD (Oxon), PhD, FRCS, UNITED KINGDOMAn Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach In Total Knee Arthroplasty Umile Giuseppe Longo, MD, MSc, PhD, Prof., ITALYThe Relationship Between Lateral Laxity And Patient Satisfaction In Bicruciate Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty Kazushige Seki, MD, JAPANSoft Tissue Safety In Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is It Reliable? Eric Camprubí, MD, SPAINUse of Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Intraoperative Spacers in Complex Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. Surgical Technique and Preliminary Results. Giulio Vittone, MD, ITALYAnatomical investigation of the popliteal artery in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty cases Naoto Date, MD, JAPANNovel Algorithm for Gap Balancing and Bone Cuts in Robotic Total Knee Replacements Significantly Improves Accuracy and Surgical Duration Matthew Song Peng Ng, MBBS candidate, SINGAPOREChanges In Tibial Insert Design Can Alter Knee Kinematics And Tibiofemoral Stress Distributions In Total Knee Arthroplasty Shinichi Kuriyama, MD, PhD, JAPANClinical and Radiological Comparison of Unicompartmental vs Patellofemoral vs Total Knee Arthroplasty Oday Al-Dadah, MBChB, MD, FRCS (Tr & Orth), UNITED KINGDOMRobotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Achieves Superior Accuracy In Restoring Native Posterior Femoral Condylar Offset And Tibial Slope Compared To Conventional Technique Lika Dzidzishvili, MD, PhD, SPAINFactors Affecting Final Saggital Alignment In Robotic Total Knee Replacement George Jacob, MBBS, MS Ortho, FAOrthA, INDIAImpact of Preoperative Limb Alignment and Deformity on Postoperative Limb Alignment in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Takashi Ishitani, MD, JAPANThe Impact of Tibial Component Coronal Plane Malalignment on Functional Outcomes and Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Muhammed Yusuf Afacan, MD, FEBOT, PhDc, TURKEYComparison Of Outcomes Of Revision Uka To Tka And Primary Tkas -A Propensity Matched Study. Myles R. J. Coolican, FRACS, AUSTRALIAPatellar Alignment In Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty. Maria Loreto Figueroa Berrios, MD, CHILEKnees With Lateral Compartment Osteoarthritis Show A Substantial Variability In Functional Knee Phenotypes With Gender-Specific And Age-Related Differences: Phenotypic Analysis Of 305 Knees Gaby Victoria Ten Noever De Brauw, NETHERLANDSIs It Really Worth Changing From Computer Navigation to Robotic Knee Replacement? A Prospective Study to Compare Patient Outcomes Following Robotic-Assisted and Computer-Navigated TKA David A. Parker, MBBS, BMedSc, FRACS, AUSTRALIAAn Extended-Release Sebacoyl Dinalbuphine Ester For Perioperative Pain Management In Improving Enhanced Recovery After Surgery In Total Knee Arthroplasty Jia-Lin Wu, MD, MS, TAIWANAssessing Electronic Health Literacy Among Elderly Arthroplasty Patients: Challenges And Implications For Patient Reported Outcome Surveys Mauro Giordani, MD, UNITED STATESCementless Total Knee Arthroplasty is Performed in Younger Patients Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESPreservation of Pre-Arthritic Coronal Knee Phenotype and Pre-Arthritic Coronal Alignment Yielded Improved Kujala Scores Following Ligament-Guided Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Roderick J.M. Vossen, MD, UNITED STATESPredictors of High Oxford Knee Scores at 1 year Following TKR - Analysis of 4126 knees at a Single Centre Payam Tarassoli, FRCS, MD Res, Dip SEM, AUSTRALIASoft Tissue Balancing In Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Tomoya Takasago, MD, PhD, JAPANSingle-Shot Femoral Nerve Block Versus Local Infiltration Analgesia For Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Daniel Leal, MD, BRAZILComparison Between Restricted Inverse Kinematic Alignment And Restricted Kinematic Alignment In Achieving And Reproducing Soft Tissue Balance In Total Knee Arthroplasty Timothy S. Whitehead, MBBS, FRACS, AUSTRALIAHigher Preoperative Knee Extensor Strength Could Be Beneficial In Reducing Total Blood Loss In Total Knee Arthroplasty Seong-Hwan Kim, MD,Ph.D, MStat, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFHigh ten years survivorship and functional results of robotic-arm-assisted lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Guido Maritan, MD, ITALYSuccessful Outcomes in Combined Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : A Clinical Study Theodore Balfousias, MD, MSc, FEBOT, GREECEThe Mind Matters: Psychological Factors Influence Subjective Outcomes Following Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty - A Prospective Study Gaby Victoria Ten Noever De Brauw, NETHERLANDSAssociation Between Surgeon Volume And Patient Outcomes After Elective Patellofemoral Joint Replacement Surgery Using Data From The National Joint Registry And Hospital Episode Statistics For England: Population Based Cohort Study Martinique Vella-Baldacchino, MD, MRCS, PG CERT (HEALTH LEADERSHIP), IOC DIp Spo, UNITED KINGDOMLonger Hospital Length of Stay After Total Knee Arthroplasty is an Independent Risk Factor for Increased Complication Rates Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESIntegrating Elongation Patterns with AR-Based Navigation in Kinematic Alignment TKA. Atsushi Sato, MD, PhD, JAPANTourniquet use Does not Affect Bleeding and Surgical Time in Robotic Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty João P.F. Guerreiro, MD, PhD, BRAZILAn MRI-Based Anatomy Study for Optimal Direction and Depth in Intraoperative Adductor Canal Block Injection Sueen Sohn, MD, PhD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFProspective Comparison Of Short-Term Outcomes In Kinematic And Mechanical Alignment Total Knee Arthroplasty Ofir Vinograd, MD , ISRAELPostoperative Varus-Valgus Stability and Short-Term Clinical Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty Using the Unrestricted Kinematic Alignment Method for Severe Varus Deformity Yohei Okada, MD,PhD, JAPANRobot Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty and Navigation Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Comparative study with a focus on Severe Varus Deformities. Adit Rajesh Maniar, MBBS, MS Orthopaedics, DNB Orthopaedics, INDIAThree-Dimensional Evaluation Of Distal Femoral Valgus Angle Using Whole Leg CT In Total Knee Arthroplasty Atsushi Sato, MD, PhD, JAPANIncreased Patient Travel Distance for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated With a Higher Re-revision Rate Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESRobotic-Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Shows Better Short-Term Results Than Conventional Technique. A Comparative Study. Carlos Nain Giugliano Rostion, Resident, CHILEEvaluating The Accuracy Of Imageless Robotic Assistance In Total Knee Replacement: A Study Of Mechanical Axis Correlation With Postoperative Radiographs Rodrigo Olivieri, MD, CHILEA Multi-Disciplinary Program For Opioid Sparse Arthroplasty Results In Reduced Long-Term Opioid Consumption: A Four Year Prospective Study Christopher J. Wilson, A/Prof, MBChB, MRCS, FRACS, PhD, AUSTRALIAThe Effects Of The Flexion Gap Setting On Postoperative Outcomes Of Tka Using The Mako Robotic Arm Shuhei Sugioka, MD, JAPANLarge Variance in a Lateral Osteoarthritic Population Prior to and Following Lateral Unicompartmental Arthroplasty: An Analysis of Knee Phenotypes Hendrik Aernout Zuiderbaan, MD PhD, NETHERLANDSAlmost 79% Survival Rate At 10-Year Follow-Up For The Patellofemoral Joint Arthroplasty: A Registry Study Piero Agostinone, MD, ITALYAll-Intra-Incisional-Pins In Robotic Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) As A New Standard Of Care – A Minimally Invasive Practical Technique Guide Ryan Wai Keong Loke, MBBS candidate, SINGAPOREClinical Outcomes Of Functional Versus Mechanical Alignment In Robotic-Arm Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial Mei Lin Tay, PhD, NEW ZEALANDThe Femoral Cuts Correlation Between Robotic And Conventional Surgery In Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cadaveric Study Berta Gasol Cudos, MD, SPAINInvestigation Of Factors Predicting Postoperative Alignment In Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty For Knees With Over 10 Degrees Of Varus Deformity. Masaki Mori, MD, PhD, JAPANLateral Laxity is Related to the Postoperative Kinematics and Knee Symptoms After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Medial Stabilizing Technique with a Navigation System Takahiro Tsushima, MD, PhD, JAPANVirtual Reality Simulator For Knee Arthroplasty: Evaluating Content And Face Validity For Orthopaedic Residency Training Conor Rankin, MRCS MBChB BMedSci AFHEA, UNITED KINGDOMIncreasing Coronal Deformity, Tibiofemoral Subluxation And More Severe Bone Defects Are Risk Factors For To The Use Of A Higher-Constrained Total Knee Arthroplasty Patrick Pflüger, MD, SWITZERLANDShort-term Results and Learning Curve of TKA with Robotic Arm Masayoshi Okuda, MD, PhD, JAPANChanges in the Posterior Tibial Slope among Patients undergoing Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty do not affect the Medial Proximal Tibial Angle Lorenz Pichler, MD, AUSTRIAImpact of Travel Distance on Short-Term Complications and Readmissions After Periprosthetic Joint Infection Johannes F. Plate, MD, PhD, UNITED STATESForgotten Joint Score : Role in Identifying Patients Unlikely To Improve Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Adit Rajesh Maniar, MBBS, MS Orthopaedics, DNB Orthopaedics, INDIADoes Robotic Assistance In Total Knee Arthroplasty Improve Preoperative Planning And Intraoperative Decision-Making? Waldo Gonzalez Duque, MD, CHILEDifferences In Coronal Plane Alignment Of The Knee (CPAK) Measured On Long-Leg Radiographs Compared To Computed Tomography For The Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty Kohei Kawaguchi, MD, PhD, JAPANAnalysis of Hospital Outcomes and Complications in Robot-Assisted Primary Total Knee Replacement Versus Conventional Surgery: A Cohort Study. Adrian Gil Torrano, MD, SPAINConversion To Total Knee Arthroplasty Following High Tibial Osteotomy And Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity-Matched Analysis Griffith G. Gosnell, MS, UNITED STATESChanges In Foot Pressure Among Patients With Varus Knee Osteoarthritis Undergoing Bilateral Simultaneous Total Knee Arthroplasty – A Prospective Observational Pedobarographic Assessment Roop Bhushan Kalia, M.S (Orthopaedics), INDIAFemale Patients Depend More On Postoperative Outcomes In Assessing Satisfaction Than Male Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty Yun Seong Choi, MD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFCatastrophic Full Thickness Wear In Oxinium Knee Implants: A Case Report And Analysis Of Failure Mechanisms Naman Wahal, MBBS, MS Orthopaedics, INDIAChanging amount of posterior tibial slope during unicompartmental knee arthroplasty does not affect short-term postoperative patients reported outcome measurement Ryo Tomita, MD, JAPANAssociation Between Prosthetic Component Malalignment and Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty Pain Oday Al-Dadah, MBChB, MD, FRCS (Tr & Orth), UNITED KINGDOMThe Knee Pain Decreases After Total Hip Arthroplasty Yugo Morita, MD, PhD, JAPANHigh Incidence Of Torsional Deformities In Knee Osteoarthritis In Asian Population Xinyu Tao, MBBS, SINGAPORETwo-Year Results Of The Kneefix Study: A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Uncemented Versus Cemented Fixation In Total Knee Arthroplasty With Patella Resurfacing Mei Lin Tay, PhD, NEW ZEALANDExperience in Correcting Varus and Valgus Deformities in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Robotic Assistance Hector Zamorano, MD, CHILEGait Analysis Focusing On The Relationship Between Knee Biomechanics And Patient Outcome In Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty And Nonoperative Residual Osteoarthritis Knee Shinichi Kuriyama, MD, PhD, JAPANImpact of Unilateral and Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty for Bilateral Osteoarthritis on Postoperative Fractures Risk Hiroshi Fujii, MD, PhD, JAPANThe Effect Of Excessive Alignment Correction And Limb Length Discrepancy After Total Knee Arthroplasty On Contralateral Lower Extremity Alignment And Knee Condition Seung Hoon Lee, MD, KOREA, REPUBLIC OFAn Isakos Funded Study - Physical Activity Outcomes In Patellofemoral Vs. Total Knee Replacements: A Randomised Control Trial For Isolated Patellofemoral Joint Osteoarthritis . Martinique Vella-Baldacchino, MD, MRCS, PG CERT (HEALTH LEADERSHIP), IOC DIp Spo, UNITED KINGDOMFunctional Recovery in Staged Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty Shinichiro Nakamura, MD, PhD, JAPANIntra- and postoperative blood loss with and without use of tourniquet in knee arthroplasty. Kengo Kaji, MD, JAPANEARLY LOOSENING OF THE FEMORAL STEM IN CEMENTED SEGMENTAL PROSTHESES WITH DISTAL FEMUR REPLACEMENT Clara Chimeno Pigrau, MD, SPAIN
2025 Congress ePoster Presentation PDF 2025 group rating (1)
Knee Arthroplasty Osteoarthritis Bones Total Joint Replacement Arthritis Cartilage Patellofemoral Tibio - Fibular Ligaments
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