Background
For the first time, our group demonstrated the successful direct deposition of graphene layers, using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD), onto the entire surface of cylindrical 316L surgical stainless steel. This method was applied to interference screws and anchors used in orthopedic and sports orthopedic surgeries (D.J. Feria, Saulo Afonso et al., 2024). The deposited graphene was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, XPS spectroscopy, SEM, and EDS. The results indicate the deposition of high-quality, few-layer graphene across the entire surface of the cylinders. Complete data has been published in Diamond and Related Materials.
Objective
To evaluate the potential of graphene in the fabrication of interference screws and anchors for both orthopedic and sports orthopedic applications. This research aims to improve osseointegration, reduce infection risk, and promote tissue regeneration, both in vitro and in animal models.
Methods
Our group has pioneered a novel approach by depositing graphene on the entire surface of the implant. We are testing its interaction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, both in vitro and in a relevant in vivo model using Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats. Following thorough characterization of the new material, the properties of graphene, including its high strength, biocompatibility, and ability to promote tissue regeneration, make it a promising candidate for various orthopedic applications. This includes controlled drug delivery or other biomolecules to induce specific cell differentiation.
Results
While significant progress has been made, challenges related to graphene remain. The toxicity of graphene and its derivatives is still a subject of ongoing research and is a focus of our group's studies. Animal studies provide valuable insights into this aspect. Additionally, the production of high-quality graphene at a low cost remains a significant challenge. Translating pre-clinical findings to clinical applications requires further research and investment. However, graphene represents a new frontier in orthopedics with the potential to revolutionize the treatment of various bone injuries and diseases. Future applications may include bone regeneration and the development of intelligent prostheses.
Keywords Graphene, direct deposition, interference screws, anchors, orthopedic surgery, sports orthopedics